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      java中的spi机制
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        <h2 id="java中的SPI机制"><a href="#java中的SPI机制" class="headerlink" title="java中的SPI机制"></a>java中的SPI机制</h2><p>Java SPI机制是一种服务发现机制，其全称为Service Provider Interface。它允许为特定服务提供多个实现，然后通过配置文件等方式，在运行时自动探测和加载这些实现。SPI机制的好处在于，它可以使服务接口和实现类解耦，从而方便地扩展和替换服务的实现。</p>
<p>下面我们以JDBC（Java Database Connectivity）为例，来介绍如何使用Java SPI机制。JDBC是Java中用于连接和操作数据库的标准接口，不同的数据库厂商提供了各自的JDBC驱动实现。在SPI机制下，JDBC规范定义了一组接口，而具体的数据库驱动实现则由各个数据库厂商提供。</p>
<p>首先，我们需要定义一个服务接口，例如<code>HelloService</code>：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">interface</span> <span class="title class_">HelloService</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">sayHello</span><span class="params">()</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>然后，在不同的jar包中提供该服务的实现，例如在<code>com.example.provider1</code>包中提供实现类<code>HelloServiceProvider1</code>，在<code>com.example.provider2</code>包中提供实现类<code>HelloServiceProvider2</code>。这些实现类都要实现<code>HelloService</code>接口。</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<p>接着，在每个实现类所在的jar包中，我们需要在<code>META-INF/services</code>目录下创建名为<code>com.example.HelloService</code>的文件。该文件的内容应该为提供该服务的实现类的全限定名，每行一个。例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">com.example.provider1.HelloServiceProvider1</span><br><span class="line">com.example.provider2.HelloServiceProvider2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>最后，我们可以通过如下代码来使用Java SPI机制加载和使用服务的实现类：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> java.util.ServiceLoader;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">SPIDemo</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 加载并使用服务提供者</span></span><br><span class="line">        ServiceLoader&lt;HelloService&gt; loader = ServiceLoader.load(HelloService.class);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> (HelloService helloService : loader) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            helloService.sayHello();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在运行<code>SPIDemo</code>类时，SPI机制会自动扫描classpath上的所有jar包，找到<code>META-INF/services</code>目录下的配置文件，并读取其中的服务提供者信息。然后，它会按顺序加载并实例化这些服务提供者，并返回一个迭代器，我们可以通过迭代这个迭代器来使用服务提供者的实现。</p>
<p>通过Java SPI机制，我们可以方便地实现服务接口和实现类的解耦，从而方便地扩展和替换服务的实现。而且，其实现方式也非常简单，只需要提供一个配置文件即可，不需要任何额外的代码和框架。因此，Java SPI机制被广泛应用于各种框架和组件，比如日志、ORM框架等。</p>
<h2 id="实验-验证"><a href="#实验-验证" class="headerlink" title="实验-验证"></a>实验-验证</h2><p>新建一个接口：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> com.spi.service;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">interface</span> <span class="title class_">HelloService</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">sayHello</span><span class="params">()</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>实现这个接口的不同类：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> com.spi.provider;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> com.spi.service.HelloService;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">HelloServiceImpl1</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title class_">HelloService</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">sayHello</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;HelloService实现类1&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> com.spi.provider;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> com.spi.service.HelloService;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">HelloServiceImpl2</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title class_">HelloService</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">sayHello</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;HelloService实现类2&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>Main.java:</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> com.spi;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> com.spi.service.HelloService;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> com.spi.service.IService;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> java.io.IOException;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> java.util.ServiceLoader;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Main</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> IOException, InterruptedException &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//         加载并使用服务提供者</span></span><br><span class="line">            ServiceLoader&lt;HelloService&gt; loader = ServiceLoader.load(HelloService.class);</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> (HelloService helloService : loader) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                helloService.sayHello();</span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>运行结果：</p>
<p><img src="/blog/img/image-20240113012612076.png" alt="image-20240113012612076"></p>
<p>需要注意的是</p>
<p>SPI机制会自动扫描classpath上的所有jar包，找到<code>META-INF/services</code>目录下的配置文件，并读取其中的服务提供者信息,所以idea右键运行时，要求这是个maven项目，这样才能构建编译实现类，不然单单只是一个普通项目，右键只会编译不会在类路径生成resourse文件夹也就没有接口实现类的配置文件，spi机制就会失效，输出的结果也就什么也没有毕竟都没有加载类，</p>
<p>即会出现如下情况：</p>
<p><img src="/blog/img/image-20240113013812365.png" alt="image-20240113013812365"></p>

      
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